Internationalization In The Hospitality Industry

sphericization In The cordial reception IndustryIntroduction to the Hospitality IndustryThe cordial reception intentness composed with supporter oriented industries which included industries in vast project of fields alike Tourism, Hotels, Restaurants, Lodges, Lei indisputable Parks, Transports, Medical Hospitals Services, Advisory Services, etc..It consists with low gainfulness an application to Highest Profitability industries which be broadly distri plainlyed among the population and also this positivity is greatly fluctuates than manufacturing industries due to the several reasons. These each and every Hospitality libertine consists of several take oning groups such as Front Office, Back Office, living Unit Operations Unit, Human Resources, Marketing, Promotion and Advertising, etc (David, and Chon, 2006).Depend on the symbol of advantage they offer, this cordial reception industries covers a broad range of organizations. They potbelly yet divided into sub c ategories depend on the Skills and qualifications their workers clear to cater their clients with the mess of operate they have.E.g Cooking, Nursing, Entertaining, Advising, etcThey be in position to cater the shoots of nodes remediate than the competition is more(prenominal) likely sufficient to sustain belligerent favor over time. Catering to customer needs is dominant to delivering desirable takes of customer satisfaction in the touristry industry. The formula for executing this task is curiously fragile in tourism beca routine of the heterogeneous and simultaneous nature of service point of intersectionion and consumption. Tourism experiences be rarely, if ever, delivered without in-depth employee-customer interactions. Thus, tourism experiences are mass-intensive on two sides of the service fence. Addition on the wholey, tourists tend to have high expectations for hospitality and overall levels of service quality beca utilization their context is typi beefy more emotionally charged. An empowered manpower is a secret to success in these unique area employees who are inspired and enabled to make meaningful and suitable decisions close to customers in severalize to take care of important customer needs globalization is set forth as the expanding of activities and resources among the other countries of the world, beyond domestic level. However, in the internationalization the pixilated should be more effective and efficient enough to cater the customers in the world over domestic level. Although starts at that level, when a firm becomes a considerable, they pot generates more profit and thus with their efficiency, they fanny reached far and entire variety of consumers while making the commercialize more attractive. It hauls to broaden the commercialiseplace continuous way in the world (David, and Chon, 2006).Strategies of internationalization in hospitality industryThere are several strategies of internationalization to gain m ore customer satisfaction n with effectively and efficiently.The development of computer engineering, chat technology, and new means of transportation all leads to develop the internationalization. Today, internationalization has twirl into atomic number 53 of the major concern of firms As barriers to international trade clear down in most of the parts of the world, managers happen to attentive in new trends in an fluctuating global environment (Macleod, 2004).For example, the Euro currency is out front a chief position inside the European market place and it agonistic to the Eastern European markets to develop rapidly to face this competition, it effects to the Asian markets too. They are opening to the world.International firms change their strategies from iodin geographical section to another, to sustain in the competitive traffic environment.Eg One of express slant service in the world, Federal Express (FedEx) dominates the market in the American Region, but in the other markets like European Region, FedEx was not successful. That market dominated by DHL.Hotel franchising agreements is a legal document in which a franchiser offers an approved opportunity to a franchisee to carry out their business. This is permission to franchisee phthisis make name, reservation systems, products, operating systems. Franchising strategy is used by Hilton International as a part of its international strategy decision (Shepherd, and Cooper, 1997). solicitude scrams means in which anxiety is separated from their ownership, where a attach to can contract its overseas operation of management to a management team in revisit for a paymentFor an example Sodehxo is one of the companies which use management contract in the industry.Strategic alliances means in which a bond or a partnership or a inter-group communication forms between two or more companies that can support from larger market exposure, economies of scope or range enlarged visibility for the brand na me . The best example is the strategic alliance between Nortel and Microsoft Company. pin venture means in which the international firm provides a partial equity venture to home businesses to protect their promise to the agreement. Accor is actively involved in joint ventures in different Asian markets such as Malaysia and VietnamCall Center Service Recovery means Telephone establish customer service is the largest customer services channel in both(prenominal) North America, and Europe (The Editors 2007). Call centers customer service volume is higher than electronic mail support service. Despite this lack of ack forthwithledgement from call centers, in that respect is a gap between the service provided and customer expectations.The verdancy strategy means industry perceptions and perspectives as a new market -driven business focus for gaining competitive advantages. All businesses no matter how friendly or smart their operations are create some level of environmental harm. Th ese impacts can be minimized or controlled by a adopting a well-articulated firm-level green strategy. This require to green should not just be to address companywide environmental challenge but also a proactive strategy to stay on the right side of the regulation and for positiveness (Kotler, Bowen, and Makens, 2003).Issues and impacts of internationalization on hospitality industryIssues and impacts bring together the a la mode(p) developments in international hospitality operations with the current management principles. It provides a truly international viewpoint on the hospitality and tourism industries and provides a fresh insight into hospitality and tourism management.Internationalization is a major trend for todays organizations. The services sector is also unquestionably becoming more and more international in scope. A rapid Internationalization of world prudence during the 1990s has increased the opportunities to export services and services are now the fastest growing part of international trade. Speed up by their aspiration for growth and profit, host governments provide incentives, and invest byout the world. Hospitality organizations have revealed that their survival and growth in the future depend on extending of their services around the world (Hearns, Baum, and Devine, 2009).The global hospitality industry is and so one of major part of international business. Those companies in that respectfore have to ask up the inferences of the global framework in which they operate and always need to prepare for the changes of this highly fluctuating environment.The Internationalization of industry and its way is characterized by communicating over vast distances in foreign languages, normally trip up to overseas countries, trading in many currencies, and coping with social systems, serial publication of political and, husbandrys and customs. And regulatory environments, the aspects of Internationalization of are very easy to identify, unselfis h the basic current and future trends and market can be abridgment and reveals a number of issues are reshaping the Internationalization hospitality industry, though there are very clearly some multifaceted questions that are distillery to be resolved (Mason, 2008).International spreading out with general product and brand positionOrganizational structures that tolerate delivery of services with local anaesthetic operational controlCross-border employee training to support operations andUse of the world capital markets as sources of funding.The Positive Impacts of Internationalization on the hospitality industryExposure to different cultures Due to the internationalization of the managers of hospitality industry, they would be able to gain knowledge of different cultures, as they get to fuse with population from different walks of life and thus, enhance their awareness.Larger Market Due to internationalization, the customer base has enlarged significantly. Not only for holydays , state give-up the ghost all over the world for assorted purposes like business, Pilgrims, Education, health, etc. Thus, this has widened the market of hospitality industry, which gets their major income from these international visitors.Boosts the economy As visitors come in and spend money it effects to the foreign exchange of the country and it gets increase. Thus it gives Brobdingnagian boost to the economy as internationalization leads to pump money into the country. engineering science Development Since firm needs to attract more tourists as possible, hospitality organizations always need to emend and develop their products and services. character Fly Kingfisher, use innovative and newer technologies in hotels to satisfy their customer needs.Allow to creativity Firms are continuously thinking of new and innovative ideas to draw more customers.to a greater extent Jobs Due to internationalization, more visitors come into the country and thus more people leave be required to serve their needs. Therefore, with the internationalization, there are slews of more jobs opportunities for people within the areas which hospitality industries are located.Variety of International Services Since there are lot of diverse visitors from various cultures, cuisines, traditions, and languages, hospitality industry should include cuisines and various other services to cater them. These services also will be available to thelocals, which makes more satisfied local customers.Boosts the Travel Industry Due to internationalization more people travel around the countries. To facilitate this, the tours and travels industry require to develop as well. pack who come into the country by air, ship or land, will use the transport services obtainable as well.The negative impacts of internationalization on the hospitality industryLanguage Barriers Due to internationalization, the hospitality Industry can make use of people from different type of countries as they are usually cheap er. They may have troubles in communicating with customers.Events/Disasters in the Countries A disaster or incident taking place in one country may affect to the other country also.For example, the financial crisis makes people to spend less money. It drops down the travelling, Hotel bookings, etc.Due to increase in terrorism activities some visitors are not willing to travel to those places. pagan Barriers As there are people from a mixture of cultures, one needs to be watchful not to insult them.For Example, a Islamic not eats pork. Service provider have to make sure not serve food with pork. Whats acceptable by one culture may be reject by another.Seasonal Employment During culminate periods, a lot of jobs are available in some industries, but as soon as the customers return to their countries, the jobs get vanished as well.Example Goa of India the people in Goa get their revenue only during the climax season, (Dec- Feb and April July) In other seasons, they have no jobs and no earnings.Growth of the Communication applied science Due to international barriers, there is a constant growth in the use of communication technology (Internet, Email, etc). Thisreduces the human involvement.Developing Countries As technology continuously gets developing, some Countries are unable to keep up with these developments in the technology and they tend to lose out. Example Though the some African countries have lot of natural resources for the attraction of tourists, they do not have proper infrastructure to cater that large amount of tourists. To maintain that large amount of visitors, they should have to improveinfrastructure. increment in Crimes When tourist arriver increases, crimes increase too.Example smuggling, hustling, rape, etcBad Habits Tourists come from other countries sometimes may influence to the local youth in a bad manner. Increase of drug consumption and promiscuous behavior, etc(Source Market of sustainable tourism, online,Available from http//tow ards2015.co.uk Accessed twelfth April 2011)Integration of the hospitality industryTo offer a better customer service and keep loyal client come back todays hospitality industry require integration system. Thereby they can maintain their controls and improve their business. To have a smooth running integration system can aid organizations with a sustainable competitive advantage by up(a) quality of the service while reducing cost.Superior performance and sustainable product with good quality can help a company to reduce the threat of conflicts/problems with their Suppliers, Staff, Local People, and Government and improve its position as an esteemed partner in destination. That mean, better access to major business resources such as funds, the capability to improve products to meet uprising market demand, better dealings with governments, and a motivated and faithful staff. pelt The computer software product is a combination of various modules, which cater to the various aspects of hotel management. It including with hotel staff management, hotel reservation and hotel accounting are taken care of by the different modules in a single software unit. Many software companies have gathered more areas of hotel management into their software. All the operations like bookings, billings, reservations, check-ins, checkouts and etc, are available on screen and can do within few clicks of mouse. Therefore, taken as a whole, efficiency of the hotel staff and the management system is increased. Clients can reserve the rooms and other services through the hotel website directly. There is no room for any third party friendship in these events (Kneafsey, 1998).However, there are some advantages in this integration as followsIt helps to reduce the cost of transportation as the general ownership matter in closer geographic regions.The costs for transactions can be managed if a firm gets hold of the other firms in the vertical chain, so the one division of the company can trans fer the goods to the other divisions of the uniform company. Thereby, transaction costs for transport, negotiations Monitoring, control etc. will be eliminated. The by and large, average cost of the firm will be reduced, because if the divisions are in under the same management, then there will be immanent supply and department heads will decide the transfer price (Macleod, 2004).If a firm purchases half finished goods from an outside firm then the work culture could be different and there are opportunities of dispute concerning cost and conditions of supplying or if the outside supplier make a contract and couldnt supply the goods on time then the firm cannot accomplish its sanction to the third party and the good will of a firm will come to an end. Organizational inferences if the supplies provider supplying the goods to a firm is big, in terms of sales, size and structure, then it will state the terms and conditions. On the other hand if an internal source is used then there will be no market difference and the supplier cannot apply any adverse conditions (Haywood, and Maki, 1992)We can split the benefits of integration into short-term or static gains and more long-term dynamic gains.The establishment of the Single market within Europe has led to significant gains for the participating member states. The remotion of internal market barriers and the harmonization of national regulations are expected to lead to an increase in trade and reductions in cost.ConclusionHospitality and tourism industry plays a key role in international competitive business environment. On one hand, it goes for lot of fluctuations due to different types of global factors. Although, it has been sustained over long period of time by confront to those factors, the two main parts of Hospitality and Tourism Industry feature with is Internationalization and integration. They lead to the growth, sustainability and profitability of the Hospitality Industry and their impacts will be directly involved to the evolutionary change of this Industry.

Charpy Impact Test Of Polypropylene At Various Temperatures

Charpy Impact Test Of Polypropylene At Various TemperaturesThis sample examined the furbish up of polypropylene at various temperatures through the Charpy test. Three diverse forms of samples including unnotched whizs, point-blank-notched and sharp-notched were well-tried to measure the stupor cogency. Results showed that low temperature resulted in the change magnitude of daze null. These results have important implications for human designed applications concerning the toughness of polymers at different temperatures.The study of impact test has become an important typeface of toughness. Some progress has been made to understanding the mechanical characteristics of various polymers, specially toughness. Toughness, ability of a material to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing 1, is a concept nigh people have been accepted. It sens be calculated by the aras under a essay-strain curve.Impact test, which describes the result of materials to a sudden high-speed force, stinker be divided into two different methods. One test method uses an instrument where a pendulum of cognise energy strikes a sample of defined size and shape. The other one test way uses an instrument where weights or others are allowed to fall freely through known heights on to examples. 2The first method mentioned preceding(prenominal) can be also separated from two kinds, which involve in cantilever (Izod) test and supported beam (Charpy) test. The illustrations of two tests are shown in Fig. 1.The distinct difference between the two methods is the fact that a model tested in the Izod is fixed in the horizontal direction or else of vertical direction tested in the Charpy.Fig.1 Izod and Charpy Impact Test(b) Charpy(a) IzodTemperature has an unequivocal influence in the behavior of polymers, such as tensile strength, plume stress, toughness, etc, because temperature affects the micro-structure of polymers. Among the changes, the inherent toughness is def initely dependent on temperature, structural orientation, stress concentration effects and rate of loading 3. However, there have been a few(prenominal) published reports directly addressing the problem of the effect on polypropylene at various temperatures. This experiment was to make clear of the relationship between the impact strength of polypropylene and temperature referenced in Charpy test.ExperimentalEquipmentThe equipment photograph is shown in Fig. 2 and the parameters of it are figured out in panel 1.Fig.2 Charpy impact test systemLocation S.2.10Table 1. Parametres of Charpy Impact Test Equipment rooster VelocityHammer WeightHammer standard2.9m/s1.189kgISO2. SpecimensA number of different rectangular-section standard polypropylene (PP) Charpy test samples including sharp notched, coarse notched and unnotched ones were tested at different temperature conditions. The different specimens are shown in Table 2. which also involves in the sizes (width and thickness) of the t esting specimens. ,,and in Table 2 are the four different dimensions separately.Table 2 Parameters of the specimens populate temperatureExperimental ProceduresThe specimens are divided into two parts, and one of the parts was tell into the freezer before being tested.All of the data of an unnotched specimen at room temperature were input into the via keypad, and the sample was held onto the proper position of the equipment.A pendulum was raised to a specified height and then released when the equipment was started. Then the specimen was separated by the high-velocity pendulum.The impact energy was recorded in the Charpy impact test equipment.Steps 2 to 4 were recurrent for separately of the unnotched specimens to achieve a series of data.Steps 2 to 5 were repeated for all of the blunt-notched samples and then the sharp-notched samples.Steps 2 to 6 were repeated for the unnotched, the blunt-notched and the sharp-notched at -20.Results and Discussion1. Tabulate the individualist appreciates and average value of impact energy absorbed by the specimens for each test temperature.The individual data and average values of impact energy absorbed by the specimens for both two temperatures are listed in the two tables below. Table 3 illustrates the data at room temperature, and Table 4 exhibits the data at -20.2. Discuss the effect of temperature on impact energy for sharp notched, blunt notched and unnotched samples.Since the impact strength is dependent on the energy absorbed, a structure that is much easier to move will respond better(p) to the impact 4. at that placefore, the impact strength will increase with the increase of temperature and rubberlike state has higher impact strength than glassy state. The higher the temperature is, the more(prenominal) severely the molecular chains will move. As a result, the impact energy is significantly lower at -20 than that at room temperature. It can also be found in Table 4.3. Analyze experimental error(a) When t he parameters of specimens were measured, the apparatus error of vernier calipers could not be avoided. At the analogous time, the location of specimens was changeable, which was an operation error existed.(b) The sharp-notched samples were cut artificially, thus the unreal errors could not be ignored.(c) For the low temperature test, the frozen specimens were moved from a freezer to atmosphere, which might lead to the rising of temperature. As a result, the impact energy got a slight increase.(d) The errors of Charpy impact test equipment could not be ignored. military campaign in the clamp and energy imparted to broken fragments might be the factors of the stay energy of the pendulum and therefore the impact energy increased. 54. Explain the cause of the white observed in some of the fractured samples.All kinds of the samples are listed in the Fig.3.Fig.3 The tested samplesThrough the observing of all different kinds of specimens, whitening is the most distinct in the unnotch ed samples. Many reasons listed lead to this phenomenon. Stress-whitening crazing usually can be observed for thermoplastics at levels of stress that below those required for large photographic plate yielding. 6When there is a sudden load to the sample, fracture crazes will be developed. Most of the time, it occurs in amorphous, brittle polymers and generally consist of an open profits of polymer fibrils between 10 and 40nm in diameter, interspersed by void of about 10-20nm. 6Conclusions afterwards the experiment completed, many benefits of toughness and impact test have been listed below.There is a large variety of methods to measure impact energy of polymers and the most common used test is the Charpy test.With the decrease of temperature, the impact energy of same shaped specimens has a significant decline.The whitening of polymers is easier to be observed in the unnotched samples than that in sharp-notched and blunt-notched.

Comparison of the theories of feminism

Comparison of the theories of feminist movementFeminism has a drift has gained momentum in recent pasts to the extent that thither are a number of gender gains the cosmea over. The theories of womens lib are categorized into five, just about of which are distinct and opposite closely related. These are munificent Feminism, left Feminism Radical Feminism Post-Modern Feminism and Multicultural feminism. However, this paper zeroes downhearted on two, namely Liberal and Radical feminism, in an attempt to fancy the contri stillion that feminism has made (or continues to make) in the contemporary social analysis.Liberal FeminismSome of the prop unitarynts of this category of feminism include Mary Wollstonecraft, legerdemain Stuart Mill, Betty Friedan and Rebecca Walker.Liberal feminism is an individualistic form of feminism because it is gener everyy establish on womens ability to assert their comparison through their own influenceions and choices. This is what Eleanor calls trust in rationality (Eleanor, 1996). Accordingly, the jump point for promoting such equality is found on individual interaction between men and women and that women cannister transpose their circumstances. Liberal feminism looks at the personal interactions of men and women as the starting ground from which to transform union into a more gender-equitable place.The solvents important t to liberal feminists include reproductive rights and abortion access, inner harassment, voting, education, fair recompense for work, affordable childcare, affordable health care, and bringing to light the frequency of sexual and domestic violence against women.The basic tenet of liberal feminism is that it is anchored on legal and political reform as a mode to ensuring equality between men and women. This, according to them, is tailored on looking at the government through lobby groupings to bring about legislative changes that throw in on gender equity. This brings about social and econom ical equity. Susan Wendell, citing the work of Mackinnon (1987) () says that contemporary feminism is committed to major economic reorganization and considerable redistribution of wealth, since one of the current political goals more or less closely associated with liberal feminism is equality of fortune which would undoubtedly require and lead to both. Liberal feminists fight that all battalion are equal and that rationality in correcting class differences should be the guidance to go.How then does this contribute to social analysis? It does so by beholding the oppression of women as not morphologic feature of capitalistic economic outline. Further, the concept of education as a means to changing womens location quo has had remarkable gains in recent times. Additionally, the ongoing debate and actions in the demesne concerning expansion of women violateicipation has fundamentally centered on inclusiveness into the socio-economic as fountainhead as the political mainstre am,Radical Feminism use Mackinnon, (198716), Eleanor observes that that radical feminism is not one form of feminism, but simply feminism unmodified. Therefore, more others forms of feminism was only a response to male psyche readjustment of feminism as it were. (Eleanor, 1996)Feminism in its radical sense has it that ordination is a patriarchy that primarily oppresses women thus radical feminists seek to dethaw patriarchy. In this, they recognize that womens oppression is the fundamental oppression. They further assert deep that sexism is at the heart of patriarchy e particular(prenominal)ly in the family. Willis (1981), for example, in an attempt Lust Horizons Is the womens movement pro-sex argues against making alliances with the political right in ohmic resistance to pornography In a way they in this sense, echo the red ink belief that if women wanted to tummy with the shackles of patriarchy, then they must deal with the set off of reproduction. (Willis, 1981)According to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, most radical feminists do not universally argue for the criminalization of pornography or objectification of women, but rather that in the absence of patriarchy, the public demand for such materials would drastically decrease as a much smaller percentage of the population would be worked up by viewing womens oppression and degradationConclusively, radical feminism is anchored on total restructuring if society an extreme view which would call for severing relationships with men, that is closure heterosexual relationship with me.Radical feminists seem to believe that the way to deal with patriarchy and oppression of all kinds is to address the underlying causes of these problems through revolution.Q2. cognitive Theory of Social comparison in explaining Crowd behavior at a large (50,000+) sporting eventsIntroductionA tug can be defined in a number of ways but the widely accepted definition of host is that of large groups of individuals in the i dentical physical environment, sharing a common goal. usually such individuals act in a different way than when they are alone. (Reading, 1996)In a football match scenario, understanding the behavior of the crowd can be grounded on cognitive conjecture of social comparison. This theory as advanced(a) by Festinger (1952), asserts that people tend to examine their behavior with others that are most like them. peck and Thulman (1986) using the ideas of Festinger gives a more specific avouchment by saying that people, when lacking objective means for appraisal of their opinions and capabilities, compare their opinions and capabilities to those of others that are similar to them. In the touch, they attempt to correct any differences found. can on this social comparison theory may explain crowd behavior in a football match in the pursual waysCommon Stimulus between crowd participantsAccording to Muss and Thulman (1986), one of the social comparisons theory implications is group f ormation. This according to them happens to the extent that ego evaluation can only be accomplished by means of comparison with other persons. Festinger attributes this to the fact people in a crowd are driven by the desire to belong to the group. In other al-Qurans, they tend to move to a group which belongs to them and which share their opinion and who take a shit almost similar ability. For instance, it is common to see football fans that gage a particular team more interested in being at heart the physical boundaries of their fellow supporters or those who share in their fantasy.Imitational behaviorUsing Festinger ideas, Muse and Thulman (1986) explains that the existence of a discrepancy in a group with respect to opinions or abilities will lead to action on the part of members of that group to reduce the discrepancyThis should explain some behaviors in a football match setting, including one person starting to sing and the others who support the same team following swiftl y. Other examples would include, booing a player, usually started by one person and followed swiftly by others.A more propounding lesson is such crowd behavior in an event of a stampede. Usually people will tend to run to one direction unheeding of if the cause of fear is genuine or not, as long as the one of their own signals them to do so.Q3. Use sociological theories or concepts to befriend explain Listening to medicine on a take-away music deviceIntroductionIt is common today to see people crossways all ages and gender alike carrying and listening to music through takeout devices publicly. This happens when they are in the office, driving, reading and even walking among othersWhile there should be a number of theories that can explain this phenomenon, system theory, does that at best in trying to justify the tight schedules that the contemporary society puts on people and the dilemmas therein. In so doing it zeroes on multit soliciting as the issue or as a prime causality to this.System theorySystem theory may be traced back to the ideas of George Hegel (1770-1831), who saw the human race as operating within the push of different poles, in the process creating a conflict which negates a solution for the functioning of the whole system. Hegel imagined that the world was controlled by two opposing poles pulling towards opposite direction. He called one pole the thesis and the opposing side the antithesis. According to him, these two contest to create an agreed position he called the synthesis, which interestingly also come to create the thesis, the antithesis and the cycle goes on and on. In a way, one would argue that this corresponds directly to the conflict theory, but for the purposes of looking at the phenomenon as a response to holistic demands, the perspective is tied to system theory. (Pippin, 1989)Notably, the person who suffice system theory as we know it today (within a structural functionalism paradigm) is Von Bertalanffy is a book titl ed General system theory Foundations, Development, Applications in 1968. He, as a biologist, endeavored to employ organismic knowledge to use the word system to describe those principles which are common to a general system.In the book, he says that there exist models, principles, and laws that apply to generalized systems or their subclasses, no matter of their particular kind, the nature of their component elements, and the relationships or forces between them. It seems legitimate to ask for a theory, not of systems of a more or less special kind, but of universal principles applying to systems in generalSystem theory is ground on the belief that for a system (a being, an entity, an organization among others) to work sufficiently, all the parts of that system must be in order, and that there is interrelation of the parts.To qualify this theory in understanding the portable music system public use phenomenon, it is important to relate it to the numerous issues that todays human responds to, within the confluence of multitasking and not able to respond to other demands of life. Therefore, listening to portable music while responding to other systems, not only works to preserve interrelatedness of demands of today but also in satisfying his/her needs.

Historical Development f Public Administration

diachronic Development f Public brassSince at least the 1970s, mankind judgeship has been characterized by an intellectual individualism crisis, the various dimensions of which bum be most compactly re-startd as the authenticity worry.Drawing from specific authors and schools of thought, surfaceline the major dimensions of the legitimacy problem in humankind establishment and describe the ways in which scholars and reformers concur diagnosed and assay to resolve this problem.Next, explain why the legitimacy problem matters. What is at plunk for? In considering this aspect of the question, you should think about how the aftermaths presented via the legitimacy question feign the ein truthday course session of democratic establishment and the individuality of creation governance as a field of breeding.The debate over universal politics individuality and its legitimacy problem stupefy been the focus for many years, and very likely to continue in fore chance up onable future. Previous scholars in customary judiciary have examined this anesthetize through a variety of attemptes and perspectives. more(prenominal) specifically, the framing of the legitimacy issue and identity crisis in the discipline are all subjected to various scholars protest focus and apprehension about the world. perhaps the origin of the problem shtup be dated back to the brass section of US nation, when Founding Fathers drafted the governance and design three branches of politics with hit and balance mechanism, they left out worldly concern administration, which some others capability considered that humankind administration is not a democratic production receivable to its hieratical structure, and therefore, does not have a legitimate place in government. In general, we can summarize these debates into following aspects the accountability aspect, constitutional aspect, role of government aspect, and mode of prevalent administration employ to app roach both(prenominal) academic survey and practical matters. These issues affect how we conceptualize the practice of public administration as well as the conduct of research inquiry in the field.Historical emergence of public administration (accountability aspect)The earliest scholars who mention the identity of public administration are Wodrow Wilson and Goodnow, which too raise the issue of politic-administration dichotomy. During the early geological period of 20th century, the government system is considered to be corrupted with patronages. Therefore, Wilson argued that there should be a distinct separation amidst politics and administration, and Goodnow further answer that politics is the representation of races leave al unmatched and administration is the execution of that will. They envision a bureaucratic system with hieratical structure and formal rules and regulations, and expert administrators will act faithfully according to the political system. This notion give spread out to the debate between Friedrik and Finer, where on one hand, Finer gestates in fixed regulation that guard against administrators abuse the power and administrators should only focus on the technical issues, while Friedrik was arguing administrators are experts and should combat-readyly engage in policymaking process. In addition, such dichotomy between politics and administration likewise revisited by scholars Dwight Waldo and Herbert Simon. Waldo in his administrative State, points out that the dichotomy is between facts and values, which is unattainable and should not be separate in government, since public administration deals with tidy sums perception toward the state, and the study as well as practice of it should be maneuver by several(predicate) normative values. Simon on the other hand, in Administrative Behavior, arguing while there is close relation between politics and administration, the purpose of public administration should focus on the most streamlined way to carry out those values.Empirical aspects of legitimacy problem(Role of the government aspect) There are multiple aspects revolving legitimacy problem, from empirical and practical aspect, Nye et al in their book government and its dis nitty-grittyed perform empirical try out and found that US public has low assertion in government and perceive it as inefficient and ineffective which poses the legitimacy problem for the government. such(prenominal) negative perception toward government, according to David Harvey is stem from neoliberalism, especially against Keynes approach to shake off the government during Roosevelt administration. Essentially, the debate over the role of government, or the tension between neoliberalism and Keynes approach, is about the identity of public administration. In other words, neoliberalism considers administrators as check mark while Keynes supporter see positive value in them. This also introduced the era of New Public Management (NPM) reform. According to scholars Lynn and Kettl, NPM advocates for emphasis on strength and accountability to customers, and the market approach which include privatization of services, contract out government service to private and non-profit sectors. However, recent scholars like Stivers, King et al, Denhardt, Fung, Nabatchi, and Lucio, they see weakness in empathizing rolling back or hollowing out the state, and highlight the importance of people trustingness and connecter with others, which government should play active role.(Constitution aspect) Another point of attention in legitimacy problem resides in the constitution, or federalist and anti-federalist debate. Constitution did not directly mention the creation of an administrative system but focus on separation of power, which produced the ambiguities of whether public administration is legitimate or not. educatee Spicer intend the reason is because constitution regards people as not always rational and must rely on formal rules and structure, and government establishes its legitimacy through a federalist view. However, other scholars have different perspectives than Spicers. For example, McSwite argues that the creation of constitution is a compromise act, a contrast between the social elites that want to ensure their interests and lower members of society, in which the elites successfully create a centralized government that serve the interest of few. Therefore, McSwite was virtuoso a more direct form of democracy system that can alleviate the legitimacy problem. On the other hand, scholar Rohr disagree with McSwites smirch and believes that constitution was actually intended for public administration to exist because constitution limits the legislature branchs ability to fully represent peoples will. In other words, Rohr signal that the legitimacy problem occurs due to different interpretation of constitution, and the solution to government legitimacy problem is public administration sin ce administrators are closer to the people compare to congress.Major schools of thoughts and scholars ( manner aspect)It is not surprising that analogous constitution could have several different meaning for different scholar, which correspond to scholar David Farmers instruction that social macrocosm is different for different groups because each scholars instinct and approach the field is limited by their own experience and companionship. Coming from a post-modernist perspective, Farmer suggests that the study of public administration should approach through examining the characteristics vestigial in afoot(predicate) society. In other words, Farmers solution to the public administration identity crisis is to examine the reality through different perspective, which allows for a give understanding of reality. In particular, he points out the limitation of contemporary methods in the practice of public administration which include emphasis on scientific reasoning in the disci pline and market-ism in practice. On one hand, scientific reasoning overlooks values and ethic dimension. On the other, market approach practice contradicts with governments goal of improving public wellness. Fundamentally, post-modernist perspective caution that reasons and rationality strength hinder our understanding of the reality. Similar to Farmers post-modernist perspective, Stivers approach this science and enterprise method in public administration through feminism perspective. Stivers points out that current foundation for public administration was establish on gender differences, where virile attributes like science and rationality overcome the common attributes like trust and caring which considered to be feminine. In addition, Stivers believes that the legitimacy crisis is rooted in the spirit of public administration, in which she argues that it is essentially about public trust and companionship with each other, the attributes considered to be feminine. Yet publi c administration legitimacy was established through masculinity, therefore, which caused the decrease of interest in social wellness and seeks efficiency of individual interest. According to Stivers, the end result of that conflict leads to the legitimacy problem, therefore, Stivers believe the solution to the problem is that administrators should focus on improving the relationship and connection between individual among society, and enhance peoples notion of the public. Similarly, Stiverss notion corresponds to Waldos previous suggestion. Waldo potently disagree with public administration as a value-neutral discipline that restrain scientific method to pursuit efficiency, he argues that efficiency is essentially a value also, and to emphasize on efficiency along will sacrifices other normative values. The famous example Waldo use is that Germanys approach during World contend II of ethnic cleansing is essentially efficient. Recent scholars like Denhardts also argue another wea kness in scientific inquiry into public administration study is the risk that disregard as irrational in peoples behaviors that are not driven by rationality or self-interest.To summarize the method aspect of legitimacy problem, for practitioners, the identity crisis resides in their perception toward different governance approaches in traditional governance, the method is command and control in market governance, the method is self-interest and in collaboration governance, the method is trust and negotiation. How administrators identify which approach should take depend on their beliefs and perception. On the other hand, the methodological aspect of identity crisis in the academic study of public administration revolving around whether public administration is an art that surround with different values and perspectives or a science that focus on analyzing facts. Scholar Raaschelders propose his solution to identity crisis by acknowledging there are advantages in each of inquiry met hods, and the solution to this problem is to put this debate deflexion and move on.Why legitimacy problem important?Legitimacy issue is a critical challenge facing public administration for both government and academic discipline. Not surprisingly, scholars who participated in the debate over identity crisis all have their own argument why legitimacy issue is a serious problem. For example, scholar Rohr points out that if administration was seen as love child to the people, this will lead to social unrest. Also, Ostrom, in the book intellectual crisis in public administration mentioned that the incidents like Watergate could be attributed to the crisis of legitimacy. Aside from previous scholars concerns, in my opinion, for academic scholars studying in the field of public administration, if we fail to authorise consensus on what is public administration and what elements constitute a legitimate knowledge inquiry, then, public administration might be under the risk of beingness a subfield to another discipline, or even fractionized into several. In addition, the identity crisis of what is public administration can also complicated the intellectual crisis of what the study of public administration should focus. The failure of defining core identity and drawing a clear boundary of inquiry might jeopardize future development of public administration study. While my concerns might not be the same as what scholars like Raaschelders and Denhardt have argued, Raaschelders suggests that current debate over identity of public administration on its methodological approaches is backward, and somewhat meaningless due to the complexity nature of government rendering the true understanding of reality impossible, therefore, future scholars should just move beyond this debate and consider public administration discipline as an interdisciplinary study like a harbor anchoring multi-face studies. Denhardt on the other hand, argues that current emphasis on scientific method might limit the room for other considerations. Therefore, the study of public administration should include other perspectives. These are valid arguments, however, I believe how scholars perceive their studies and how the field defines itself will significantly shape future study and the methods. Yet in the education of public administration, which deals with the training of future administrators, and the class design is associated with what capacity scholars believe administrators should have. My argument for the importance of legitimacy problem is that while public administration discipline includes various schools of thought with their own advantages and weakness, if the academic field is so complex and scholars cannot draw a boundary to the knowledge, then the accumulation of knowledge created since the inception of public administration, combine with extreme diverse scholars perception and methodology, I fear that the wide range content cover in current education system might lapse students capacity to comprehend. In more simplistic terms, my argument is that there is no doubt that every schools of thought is valuable and impossible to decide which one is outside the realm of public administration, however, the sheer amount of public administration knowledge still requires and challenges this discipline to triage its body of scholars work, so that the training and refinement of future administrator is possible. Otherwise, over time, this problem of drawing definition might translates to future government administrators and the public struggling with the different experience and understanding perceptions of governments role and their approach to formulate and implement policy.

Legalization of Marijuana Debate

Legalization of hemp DebateWhat if matchless of Americas virtu on the wholey felonious proves was in any case genius of the worlds closely beneficial lays? Marijuana has a considerable variety of different applications in society, yet remains il impressionual by federal law.Some states work de distressingized hangmans rope, but federal law does non recognize state law.Suppose that by federal law, domiciliatenabis were a decriminalized or legal substance.An entire new world of research could st subterfuge and individually of its uptakes would become definitive.Perceptions concerning the utilise of marihuana would likely be altered.The decriminalization or legalisation of marihuana would presumably cause more economical, industrial, and checkup adaptations foc utilise towarf atomic bet 18ds the upbeat of the get together States of America. Being an activist plays a hear part in the decriminalization of marihuana.Activism consists of efforts to promote, imp ede or direct social, political, economic, or environmental change. Activists for the legitimation of raftnabis set out made massive strides in 20 states to date based upon the opposeers of its health check uses. Although Congress classified halter as a Schedule 1 substance (a category of do mediciness non considered legitimate for checkup use) in 1970, instantly making it the about widely utilize drug in the U.S. Many disagree with this and the fight (in the media, courts, and on the streets) raises ethical issues, such as whether or non the government should be allowed to govern what people do in their own homes. In fact, up until the government started imposing restrictions in 1930, physicians still widely prescribed hemp to their patients for a variety of reasons that ar standardised to the reasons people use it now (Bostwick, 2012).Marijuana, as close people familiarly know it, is actually a social class called hemp, or ganja sativa. ganja is any durab le plant used since prehistory for many purposes, such as rope, paper, and clothing. The cannabis plant overly produces three very important school principal of intersections that former(a) plants do non (in usable form) seed, pulp, and medicine. The cannabis sativa plant grows as weed and complaisant plant all over the world in a variety of climates and soils (Legalizing Hemp 2). Marijuana has been used through bulge history in 6000 B.C. cannabis seeds were used as food in China in 4000 B.C. the Chinese used textiles made of hemp the outset recorded use of cannabis as medicine in China was in 2727 B.C. and in 1500 B.C. the Chinese cultivated hangmans halter for food and fiber (Legalizing Hemp 2).MEDICAL USESPaulArmentano, alternate Director of the NORML (The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws) Foundation, stated at the beginning of this yr that scientists are investigating cannabinoids ability to moderate the hurting associated with dis supposes such a s multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease, as well as the cannabinoids role in the interposition of s constantlyal neurologic disorders including Alzheimers disease and Lou Gehrigs disease (par.3).The cannabinoids contained in ganja have the say-so to ext eradicate therapeutic moderation for a multitude of diseases.The potential therapeutic uses of aesculapian marihuana include replacement from clinical conditions like gliomas, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimers, ALS, fibromyalgia, tourettes syndrome, dystonia, HIV, hepatitis c, hypertension, diabetes, stop apnea, gastrointestinal disorders, pruritis, incontinence, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis (Armentano, par.8).Armentanoalso stated in his report in theRecent Research on Medical MarijuanaInvestigators are soon studying the anti- crabby person properties of cannabinoids.A growing eubstance of preclinical and clinical info concludes that cannabinoids can reduce the spread of specif ic cancer carrells via apoptosis (programmed cubicle death) and by the inhibition of angiogenesis (the formation of new profligate vessels).Arguably, these latter trends exist far broader and more(prenominal) significant applications for cannabinoid therapeutics than researchers could have imagined some(a) thirty or even twenty years ago (par.4) If cannabis were to be decriminalized, an merely new domain of medicinal research could maybe be unlocked.The medicinal properties of cannabis including the transient as well as therapeutic relief to a broad list of clinical conditions could be further researched and bestowed upon society.Allen F.St.capital of South Dakota states in his articleAbout Marijuana recent research suggests that cannabis is a valuable aid in the treatment of a wide range of clinical applications.These include painfulness relief particularly of neuropathic pain (pain from nerve damage) nausea, spasticity, glaucoma, and movement disorders. Marijuana is als o a powerful thirst stimulant specifically for patients suffering from HIV, the AIDS withering syndrome, or dementia. emerging research suggests that marihuanas medicinal properties may protect the body against some types of cancerous tumors and are neuroprotective.(par.10)Newer and healthier methods of the application of tetrahydrocannabinol (Tetrahydrocannabinol) could be researched in order to prevent any negative effects that inhaling the combusted material of cannabis may have on your respiratory system. New branches of research dedicated to wake the positive aspects of ganja could be possible decriminalization were set in motion. Canada has already benefited tremendously from their province-wide legalisation of marijuana. Andrew D.Hatha counsel and Kate Rossiter state in their article on Canadas society involving medical marijuana that In 2001, Canada announced it would be the first country to legalize cannabis for therapeutic purposes and earmarked funding for clinica l trials.By June, 2007, legal access had been granted to close 1,800 patients with terminal diseasees and serious medical conditions (1). Not only does cannabis have the potential to endure the United States with an passing broad range of medical application, but this plant also has the potential to provide various industrial applications.INDUSTRIAL USESHemps uses include but are genuinely non limited to fuel food (hemp seeds provide an incredible source of protein- non only for people but for birds who seek out hemp seeds which have been mixed with some early(a) seeds) paper textiles, (i.e. canvas, paper, cloth, rope) paint detersive varnish oil medicine and building materials. Almost any product that can be made from wood, cotton, or petroleum (including plastics) can be made from hemp.Every year the United States government spends one million millions of dollars to fund the war on drugs, which is conducted mainly by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). More specifi cally, the extremely well funded Domestic Cannabis Eradication/Suppression Program (DCESP) is the good deal of the DEA that specifically deals with the enforcement of cannabis laws. In the last 25 years, the enforcement of cannabis banishment has grown stricter. Despite this, marijuana output signal in the U.S. has increased ten-fold since 1982 (Crop address 17). Along with this increased production and DEA enforcement, the cost of the war on marijuana has increased greatly in the last few decades.For example, in 2002 almost 730,000 people were arrested for state marijuana charges meaning they did not possess becoming to get charged federally. The total criminal justicecost of these marijuana arrests was about $7.6 meg, which equates to roughly $10,400 per arrest (NORML 131). The legalization of marijuana would eliminate the penury for all these arrests which would outgrowth in an economic boost, not to raise pitch the money required to incarcerate someone for said withd rawense.In add-on to reducing the amount of money spent keeping marijuana illegal, the legalization of marijuana would free up much needed space in our already overcrowded jails. U.S. citizens neb for about 5% of the worlds population, yet U.S. prison inmates account for 25% of the worlds prisoners (Eitzen 368). By eliminating the need for marijuana related arrests, a great burden would be lifted off of our police force. Our police would be able to focus their energy on the real criminals in our acres as opposed to wasting money charging citizens with mild marijuana offenses. intimately importantly, the legalization of marijuana would eliminate all of the aversion involved with marijuana such as bargain, possession, paraphernalia, and cultivation.The Author of Social Problems, Stanley Eitzen explains the concept behind why the legalization of marijuana would do soorganized crime, which now acquires most of its income from providing illegal goods and services, would no longer b e able to hide its investments and profits. Thus, laws against victimless crimes are in at one time responsible for maintaining organized crime (Social Problems 352).By making marijuana legal, it makes it impossible for criminals to conduct crimes involving marijuana. However, the prohibitive laws regarding marijuana provide organized criminals with one of their most lucrative source of income the barter of illegal marijuana. Legislation against marijuana does not eliminate the demand for it amongst society either. Due to marijuana cosmos illegal, the price of marijuana is much high schooler than what it would be if legal. This unintend result of the prohibitive laws against marijuana has caused a slight increase in crime revolved around the purchase of the herb. New crimes are being pull to produce money so that users can afford the high prices though not as severe as a crime directly related to the sale and cultivation of marijuana, any crime eliminated because of legalization helps. The obliteration of crime associated with marijuana and the corresponding money earned as a result give only become possible through the formula and production of marijuana by the U.S. government. These would not be the only benefits legalization would have to whirl either the government could generate substantial contributions to the miserliness through the taxation and sale of marijuana within our borders. Ultimately, the war on marijuana has failed. Marijuana use and production continue to increase from year to year despite the increased efforts against marijuana. New regulatory policies need to be researched and tried if the government ever wants to have control over one of thebiggest issues in the war on drugs.ECONOMIC BENEFITSToday marijuana is the number one cash crop in America, generating over $35 carteion in dirty money each year (Crop Report 14). That is $18 billion more than second most generated crop corn. Although the prices of marijuana would correct if legalized, the government could still make enormous amounts of money through the taxation, production and sale of marijuana. Marijuana is the fourth most widely used hallucinogenic drug in the U.S., following caffeine, nicotine and alcohol (Eitzen 385). Caffeine, nicotine and alcohol, are all legal, set by the government and all contribute greatly to our economy. Why not do so with cannabis? Tobacco addiction resulting from cigarette smoking kills more Americans than alcohol, cocaine, crack, heroin, homicide, suicide, fires, car accidents, and AIDS combined (Eitzen 389). Yet the government encourages and regulates the sale of cigarettes, this is because the tobacco industry is a major contributor to the U.S. economy. Roughly $158 billion are generated each year by the tobacco industry (Eitzen 389). parenthesis from the sale of cigarettes, tobacco companies spent $21.2 million professional lobbying firms in 2003, which amounts to more than $127,000 for every day Congress was in s ession (Eitzen 390). Government interposition in the theoretical cannabis industry could produce monetary gains similar to that of the tobacco industry through essentially the resembling means. Alcohol, the tertiary most used drug in America, is some other example of how government ordinance of a drug can be advantageful. Each year, the government makes billions off of the regulation and sale of alcohol. In addition to the revenues that could be generated through the sale of marijuana, the government could institute a marijuana tax, which would only increase revenues. governmental ASPECTIn California On November 2, 2010, Proposition 19 failed at the polls. If it passed, marijuana would have been decriminalized, and the government would have been allowed to regulate and penalize marijuana use and distribution to generate additional revenue (Viswanthan 1). Small groups have risen throughout the United States, primarily in California, advocating for marijuana legalization. cardin al of the most well known groups and Californias largest medical group, the California Medical Association, has also endorsed the legalization of marijuana. But if a similar proposition is proposed, President Barack Obama exit not support it. In a press conference in Colombia, Obama said he would engage in a debate regarding legalizing drugs, but elaborated that his administration will not support any bill to legalize them (2). With elections approaching, his stance from 4 years ago has shifted greatly.PresidentialGOP aspect Mitt Romney has explicitly expressed his dissension around medicinal marijuana in his campaign. After hearing from an individual with muscular dystrophy about his need for medicinal marijuana to survive, Romney repeated fervently that he was not in opt of legalizing medicinal marijuana. The young man with the degenerative illness expressed his worries to the candidate and showed genuine concern for his survival. Five different doctors had recommended the use o f medicinal marijuana for this patient, yet the federal government continues to chaffer upkeep by prosecuting those who use and prescribe such treatment. Romney continued to ignore his pleas and ended the conversation by walking away from the wheelchair-bound man (CNN). softwoodential third party candidates such as Ron Paul and Gary Johnson have voiced their support concerning the legalization of marijuana, and have clearly made it known that if they are elected, they will take measures to legalize the drug nationwide (Viswanthan 2). During his 30 years in the House of Representatives, Paul has authored and co-authored multiple marijuana-friendly bills. Hes proposed laws todecriminalize marijuana, permit industrial hemp farming, and constitutionally delegate to states how to enforce extant medical marijuana (Camia 1).For those who estimation the legalization of marijuana, the ideology revolving around the subject is conveyed perfectly bydoubting Thomas Szasz, a libertarian,I favo r free trade in drugs for the same reason the Founding Fathers favored free trade in ideas. In an open society, it is none of the governments business what idea a man puts into his sound judgement likewise, it should be none of the governments business what drug he puts into his body (74).though the federal government did not adopt this ideology, there are other valid reasons that the legalization and regulation of marijuana in the U.S. would provide our nation with significant benefits. The taxation and sale of marijuana alone would provide extensive economic contributions. The ending of the war against marijuana would save billions of dollars spent each year hunting down and incarcerating marijuana offenders. The potential that marijuana has to offer as a medicine are all possible results of the legalization of marijuana in the United States.OPPOSING VIEWSScientific studies may have conflicting results, but overall they link smoking marijuana to midriff and lung disease, throa t cancer, and a decreased memory capacity. Making marijuana legal would increase the number of people being affected by these diseases. Others point to the staggering amount of drugs that have been seized coming into the United States. They point to how drug use is strongly linked to criminal activity, and predict that legalizing marijuana would cartroad to an increase in violence and crime (Two Sides of the Conflict Anti-Marijuana).The federal government, which overall is working to keep marijuana illegal, agrees that there is no real benefit to legalizing marijuana. Gil Kerlikowske, director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy wrote As a former police chief, I recognize we are not going to arrest our way out of the problem. We also recognize that legalizing marijuana would not provide the answer to any of the health, social, youth education, criminal justice, and lodge quality of life challenges associated with drug use.(Gane-McCalla)SOLUTIONSOne of the main reasons th at cannabis has not been legalized in the U.S. is the perceived danger that smoking it presents to its user the perception that getting high is harmful. Yes, smoking cannabis is destructive for you, but smoking anything is bad for you. Most of the negative health effects that cannabis users experience are a result of the act of inhaling smoke into their lungs, not the actual tetrahydrocannabinol present. Cannabis can be consumed in ways that do not involve combustion, such as edibles or the use of a vaporizer. done healthier consumption, marijuana can be used medically to allay certain patients of pain and other ailments as well as dispense as a basis for newer, more effective cannabinoid drug development. The legalization of marijuana would help capitalize on the medicinal benefits that tetrahydrocannabinol and othercannabinoidspresent in marijuana have to offer. Though large amounts of THC have been found to disrupt short-term memory and impair force skills, THC has also bee n proven to help relieve symptoms of many common health problems (Joy 51).In particular, medical marijuana has had the most significant effect on patients suffering from symptoms such as chronic pain, nausea, appetite loss, muscle spasms, insomnia, and glaucoma (Joy 51). There are plenty of legally prescribed drugs that are a good deal used to treat symptoms like those mentioned above however many of them can be expensive, cause undesirable side effects, and in several cases can become habit-forming.For example, Xanax and Vicitin are two of the most widely distributed prescription medicine painkillers on the market today despite their high cost and high lay on the line of dependence. In addition, they are most frequently prescribed to patients experiencing symptoms that THC has been found to alleviate. Not to say that medical marijuana, or THC, will forever be better than Xanax or Vicitin or any other prescription drug because there are extreme cases where medical marijuana wou ld not suffice. However, medical marijuana would offer a cheap ersatz to expensive prescription drugs without the negative side effects or risk of addiction. Despite popular belief, marijuana has not been proven to be physically addictive. Studies indicate that day-to-day marijuana users will develop a minor physiological addiction to the drug, but no evidence was present of a physical addiction one might face with cocaine, heroin or even caffeine abuse (Joy 92). This trait of THC is but another reason that the development of more advanced cannabinoid based drugs should be looked into if marijuana were legalized. The idea of synthetic THC or a pill form of THC is not a new one.Scientists developed Marinol, the only cannabinoid authorize for marketing in the U.S., was introduced in 1985. Although Marinol was not a huge success and is rarely used today, it did lead to the discovery of the neuroprotective qualitiescannabinoidspossess. Janet Joy, author of Marijuana and euphony Asses sing the Science Base, explains neuroprotection One of the most prominent new applications ofcannabinoidsis for neuroprotection, the rescue of neurons from cell death associated with trauma, ischemia, and neurological diseases (202). This quality ofcannabinoidscould prove to be valuable in the development of medicines designed to slow the deterioration of the brain, such as certain types of brain damage and other illnesses causing brain damage. If the use of medical marijuana were legal, people would be provided with a cheaper, and if consumed properly, sometimes healthier choice to certain ailments they may be experiencing. Along with the numerous medical uses marijuana already has to offer, the legalization of marijuana would enable scientists to develop state of the art medicines involvingcannabinoids.Investigators are currently studying the anti-cancer properties of cannabinoids.A growing body of preclinical and clinical data concludes that cannabinoids can reduce the spread of specific cancer cells via apoptosis (programmed cell death) and by the inhibition of angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels).Arguably, these latter trends represent far broader and more significant applications for cannabinoid therapeutics than researchers could have imagined some thirty or even twenty years ago (par.4) . If cannabis were to be decriminalized, an entirely new domain of medicinal research could possibly be unlocked.The medicinal properties of marijuana including the transient as well as therapeutic relief to a broad list of clinical conditions could be further researched and bestowed upon society.Allen F.St.Pierre states in his articleAbout Marijuana Modern research suggests that cannabis is a valuable aid in the treatment of a wide range of clinical applications.These include pain relief particularly of neuropathic pain (pain from nerve damage) nausea, spasticity, glaucoma, and movement disorders. Marijuana is also a powerful appetite stimulant specific ally for patients suffering from HIV, the AIDS wasting syndrome, or dementia.Emerging research suggests that marijuanas medicinal properties may protect the body against some types of malignant tumors and are neuroprotective.(par.10)DISCUSSIONThere are laws in place making it illegal for anyone under the age of eighteen (in most states) to purchase Nicotine products, and twenty one to purchase alcohol products. Thoughts are that at eighteen/twenty one, one is old enough to have been properly educated and understand what it is they are doing when they purchase these products. Why cant we do this with the legalization of marijuana? Maybe we should look to European countries for the answer to marijuana legality. Many have made their laws less strict or repealed them entirely, which were make after laws made here in the United States, in favor of the legalization of marijuana. Commander Brain Paddock in a neighborhood of capital of the United Kingdom called Brixton ran a small experime nt. Over a six month period, he instructed his officers to warn those caught with small amounts of marijuana rather than arrest them. At the end of those six months, Scotland Yard issued a report that stated more than 2500 hours of work force was saved by giving warnings (Katz). Not making arrests meant not pass valuable time transporting prisoners and filling out paper work, not to mention court time and costs saved prosecuting those arrested. That time could then be spent on investigating and enforcing other more serious criminal activities.Marijuana use is legal or otherwise overlooked, in many European areas such as Holland. In an article called Europe Loosens Its Pot Laws, written for Rolling Stone Magazine, Gregory Katz wrote that Senior Drug Policy adviser to the Dutch Minister of Health, Bob Krizer, has said marijuana consumption in Holland has been consistently lower over the past twenty-five years than it has in the United States. During those same twenty-five years, the United States had been waging the War on Drugs, patch Holland had been embracing a more liberal policy. Mr. Krizer also states that their rate of harder drug addicts is largely lower than many other countries that have stricter drug policies (Katz). If true, this goes a long way towards proving education is a much better way to get a message across than making laws and arresting people. outcomeMarijuana has the potential to be one of the most useful substances in the world. Even though cannabis prevails as possibly one of the most useful plants on the face of the Earth, it still remains illegal in the United States. With countless uses, whether they be industrial, medical, or economical, it is hard to believe that marijuana still remains a regulated and prohibited substance. It seems as if this harmless flower is considered illegal for no other reason than to be considered illegal. Cannabis is a possible nationwide head start towards the economys stability and withholds the poten tial to assist in the addressing of some of the United States most pressing issues.The decriminalization of cannabis has the potential to become one of the greatest economical advances in the history of the United States of America. If people took action and the government legalized it today, we will today see benefits from this decision. People suffering from illnesses ranging from manic depression to Multiple induration would be able to experience relief. The government could make billions of dollars off of the taxes it could impose on its sale, and its implementation into the industrial world would create thousands of new jobs for the economy. Also, because of its role in paper making, the rain forests of South America can be saved from their current fate of extinction. No recorded deaths have ever occurred as a result of marijuana use, it is not physically addictive like alcohol or tobacco, and most doctors will agree it is safer to use than those substances. A quote by Abraham Lincoln describes the situation perfectly. Prohibitiongoes beyond the spring of reason in that it attempts to control a mans appetite by legislation and makes a crime out of things that are not crimes. A rampart law strikes a blow at the very principles upon which our government was founded. Marijuana being illegal has no validity at all. Due to all the positive aspects of marijuana it should be legalized in the United States.

John Steinbecks East of Eden - Good Versus Evil Essay -- East Eden Es

Good Versus Evil in eastern of Eden The mood of right(a) versus evil is illustrated in several ways in john Steinbecks East of Eden. This is seen through the external conflicts in the novel, the internal conflicts of the characters, and a customary understanding of the battle between ripe(p) and evil. External conflicts between the primary(prenominal) characters, Cathy and tenner, reflect the idea of good versus evil in their kindred. Cathy, who is much same Satan, creates a huge fight between whirl and his brother Charles with her manipulations. Later, she ruins gos dreams and breaks his boob when she shoots him and leaves, sending Adam into a deep depression. After twelve years, Adam snaps out of his dream world and confronts Cathy. Cathy is now called Kate and works in a whore house called Fayes. Despite her actions, Adam realizes that he doesnt even despise Cathy for the hurt she has caused him. He captures peace with himself, renewing his once abandoned relation ship with his sons. Then there is the relationship between Charles and Adam. Charles physically and mentally abuses Adam to the extent that he tries to kill him when Charles thinks that their father, Cyrus, loves Adam more. Throughout all this Adam still loves Charles, even after he finds out that Charles and Cathy had slept together and his sons whitethorn have even been fathered by Charles. Later in the novel, Adam forgives Charles and writes him a letter to try and put their differences aside, only to find out that Charles has died. Cal and Aron argon Cathys twin sons. In their relationship they too have many conflicts, Aron, the good son, studies religion and Cal, the evil son, gambles and visits whore houses. Aron tries to convert Cal, but Cal refuses to convert a... ...sin, go the second commands him to do so. The inconsistency results in Lee studying the victor Hebrew text with his philosophical Chinese elders and a Rabbi. Together they find that the original Hebrew text u ses the word timshel thou mayest rule all over sin. This verb emphasizes that a person has the power of free will, putting into his own hands the ultimate decision of whether he will do of good or evil deeds. The idea that mans relationship with good and evil is not foreordained is a central idea in this novel. The conflict between good and evil is a universal battle. Many characters in the novel, East of Eden, grapple both internally and externally with Good versus evil. Works Cited Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath, The Moon is Down, Cannery Row, East of Eden, Of Mice and Men. New York Heinemann/Octopus, 1979. pp.475 - 896.

Free Billy Budd Essays: Innocence in Billy Budd :: Billy Budd Essays

Innocence in billy goat Budd                          There is much to be said about innocence. If angiotensin-converting enzyme is with innocence than one can do no wrong. But that is non all to be said. Innocence is not always a good thing. It could make one naive or blind to certain slimys. Like in the case of billystick Budd. billy goat was innocent from offense and whence could not see the evil of rear end Claggart approa chin upg him, out to terminate him. It is known wands innocence was his brush up render by hiding the true evil from his eyes. But wherefore was prat Claggart out to destroy nightstick?. There are several reasons why John Claggart attempts to destroy Billy Budd. John Claggart wants to destroy Billy because he is extremely wary of Billys intentions. He has come to believe that Billy is proviso a mutiny and wants to take over the ship. Claggart reports this to captain Vere saying, During todays chase and viable encounter I had seen enough to convince him that at least one boater aboard was dangerous. Meaning that he matte up Billy was against them. Claggart felt that Billys big plan was to get in favor of all the hands on the ship and then turn them against the captain. Captain Vere responds by having Billy and Claggart meet in private where Claggart can openly accuse Billy of this crime. Fortunately, Claggarts attempt to destroy Billy for mutiny fails because he is struck down by Billy in one blow, ending the matter, but opening move a much more serious one. Claggart is also seen as attempting to destroy Billy due to his evil nature in general. Nothing depicts Claggarts evil nature better than the way he looks. His cleanly chiseled chin and cunning violet eyes that can cut lesser sailors with an evil glare. His pale yellow skin and jet black curly sensory hair they all contrast his character. He is out to destroy Billy beca use of the continual struggle of good and evil. Billy is innocent and cannot comprehend evil therefore making him good. People calling Billy baby budd, and handsome sailor just seem to contrast the good in him even more. Claggart was born(p) evil and therefore is evil. Claggart would naturally be out to destroy Billy because he is what he is against. Just good vs. evil in a battle for control. That is why Claggart is naturally out to bring the downfall of Billy Budd.

Paul Revere Essay -- Biography

capital of Minnesota enjoycapital of Minnesota idolise was a man of umpteen talents, a Jack Of entirely Trades if you will. Patriot, silversmith, engraver, and republican, he was destined to be a hero. Born to parents Apollos De Rivoire, a cut Huguenot, and Deborah Hitchbourn, capital of Minnesota hero-worship came into the world on January 1, 1735 in Boston Massachusetts. Clarks Wharf is where the idolizes resided now. The third born of eight children idolize learned beforehand(predicate) the lesson of perseverance, a lesson that would be an important in his later life history, Revere would deficiency to keep on going no mater what obstacles appeared in his way. Revere attended school in Boston where he got a satisfactory education as surface as in the shop with his paternity and the wharves of where he lived. As Revere grows in age he upholds legion(predicate) different jobs, including being a bell ringer for Christs Church, an Episcopal parish. Around the time of Re veres newly found job the first indications of the Revolutionary War were be gossiped about around the town. On the sunshine morning in which he was to toll the bell of Christs church a young boy heard the first ordnance store of the revolution. Revere didnt know this yet entirely his honorable traffic lay within that revolution. On the twenty-second day of July, 1754 Reveres father died in his sleep. He was buried in the Old Granary. Paul was very distraught over losing his father. They were close, more like friends than father and son. After his fathers death Paul became the man of the house. He had to take on more responsibilities and work harder to contain his large family. After a bit the stress was weighing him blue and it was probably some sort relief when he went to fight the French. In 1756 he returned. On August 4, 1757 Paul Revere married Sara Orne, or a Revere referred to her Sary. After some years of marriage Revere thinks its time for something new so he joins the masons, where he meets pile Otis and Joseph Warren both men whom are of importance to him. In 1761 the year James Otis made his famous speech to Revere it would be know as the year that he fought his cousin Francis husband. The reasons why these two young men fought are not known but are probably logical considering that Revere was not the brawling type. All the while Revere is still making silver. Smallpox strikes the Reveres household as well as the rest of Boston. Paul Revere loved his children and couldnt endorse the fact of losing... ... it is Reveres duty to identify dead bodies, on of which is his friend from the masons, Joseph Warren. subsequent that year it is said that George Washington himself asked Revere to go out to fortress Island to fix the cannon. This was a great honor. But with honor comes sadness and on May 26th his mother passed at aged 73. Revere had suffered many losses including his wife and father but this one hurt the most. He had lived with his m other his whole life and really respected the idea of family. Revere worked more with the government and Castle Island. He soon packed up and head home formerly again. Hard times strike once again and Revere is once again drove to find more work. He tries commercial work but silver is still his briny income. Revere fights to be court marshal, re-establishes his character, and writes endless letters to his cousins in France and Guernsey. Paul sets up a foundry and haves the first bell ever cast in Boston. Paul Revere now has lived over half his life and relaxes a bit. He gets involved in civic projects and the welfare of children, grandchildren and friends. He discovers the secret of rolling copper and establishes a great industry. Paul Revere dies May 10 1818.

Boo Radley and Tom Robinson in To Kill A Mockingbird :: Harper Lee, To Kill A Mockingbird

whoosh Radley and gobbler Robinson come from very opposite backgrounds. some(prenominal) face similar stories of prejudice and unfair judgments. These men face up some of the same hardships throughout their moves. Boo and Tom are two good men who were put down because they are considered different than others in the town. Scout learns important lessons from the way the people in town process Boo and Tom. The title of the book To Kill A Mockingbird takes on different meanings as the author tells the legend of these two men from the south. Boo Radley was a man who was never seen out of his house. Since the people of the town adage that he was different than them they thought he was bad. Boo had no take chances to stand up for himself because he always stayed inside. Like Boo Radley, Tom Robinson is characterized by what the people of Maycomb county say about him. After being charge of rape, most of the people see him as an evil man. During the trial when bobtail Ewell te stifies, he points to Tom Robinson and says, I seen that black nigger yonder ruttin on my Mayella. (pg. 173) The evidence genus Atticus brought to court proved Tom innocent. But because this story takes place in the south where many people are racist he was accused of the crime. Tom had no chance because of the color of his skin. Both of these characters were seen for things on the outside and not for who they were. Tom and Boo taught Scout several(prenominal) lessons that she will remember forever. Boo shows her that just because you act different and live a different life that you are not always shuddery and bad. After Scout meets Boo at the end of the book she realizes that he could not re all toldy be the person that the makes him out to be. Toms trial shows her that racism is completely wrong solely was happening all around her all of the time. She sees how Tom is not guilty but since he is black he is considered bad. She knows that this is wrong and she wont do it herself. to begin with the trial she did not even know what racism was.In the book, Atticus tells Scout and Jem, Id rather you shoot at tin cans in the backyard, but I know youll go after birds.

Huck Finn by Mark Twain :: Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain

In the story huckabackleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, the river symbolizes freedom. huckaback goes on the river to tucker free from becoming polish and to tie remote from his titmouse and Jim wonts the river to get freed from slavery. Also the king and the duke use it to escape from angry towns. Any time they are in nark when they get on the river they are no longer in trouble.Huck gets a raft to go down the river to get away from his pap and so he is no longer living in civilization. He didnt like sleeping in a bed and reading books, Huck says, I didnt see how Id ever got to like it so well at the widows, where you had to wash, and eat on a plate, and comb up, and go to bed and get up regular, and forever bothering over a book and have senior Miss Watson pecking at you all the time (1368).Then when Huck intellection his dad was going to kill him he knew he had to leave thither too. So he got a canoe and raft and went down the river. When he was on the river he was saf e and getting free from his pap and no longer apprehensioned getting hurt by him.Jim is afraid of being sell by Widow Douglas so he runs away and is trying to get freed from slavery. He also goes down the river with Huck and uses it as his path to freedom. Whenever he is on the river he is safe. When Jim is being chased he can continuously get away on the river. He is also not hardened like a slave on the raft and doesnt have to fear being sold. The King and the Duke get in trouble many propagation by scamming different towns to get money by lying and belie to be people they really arent. Every time they get away by going on the river and are free on it. When they last get caught they are on land, away from the freedom of the river.

Saddam Hussein :: essays research papers

Saddam ibn Talal HusseinFrom Wikipedia, the uninvolved encyclopedia.(Redirected from Saddam)Saddam HusseinEnlargeSaddam HusseinSadd& adenylic acid257m Hussein & adenine699Abd al-Majid al-Tikr& antiophthalmic factor299t&299 (Often spelled Husayn or Hussain Arabic &1589&1583&1575&1605 &1581&1587&1610&1606 &1593&1576&1583&1575&1604&1605&1580&1610&1583 &1575&1604&1578&1603&1585&1610&1578&1610 born April 28, 1937 1) was professorship of Iraq from 1979 to 2003.A rising star in the revolutionary Baath Party, which espoused secular pan-Arabism, economic modernization, and socialism, Saddam (see 2 regarding names) played a key role in the bloodless 1968 coup that brought the party to male monarch. As vice president down the stairs the frail and elderly General Ahmed Bakr, Saddam tightly controlled conflict in the midst of government departments and the armed forces at a time when many organizations were consi dered heart-to-heart of overthrowing the government by forging a repressive security apparatus. Meanwhile, Iraqs thriftiness grew at a rapid pace in the 1970s. 3As president, he developed a pervasive personality cult, ran an authoritarian government, and maintained power through the devastating Iran-Iraq War (19801988) and the first Persian gulf War (1991), which both corresponded with a sharp decline in reenforcement standards and the human rights situation. Saddam Husseins government, in particular, engaged in hard repression of movements that it deemed peril his rule, as well as of ethnic groups that sought independence or autonomy.While he remained a popular hero among many disaffected Arabs for standing up to the West and for his staunch support for the Palestinians,4 the United States go along to view Saddam with deep suspicion following the 1991 Persian disconnection War. Saddam was deposed by the U.S. and its allies during the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. Captured by U.S. forces on declination 13, 2003, he will stand trial under the new Iraki government set up by U.S.-led forces.Contents showhide1 youth2 Rise in the Baath party3 Consolidation of power3.1 Saddams consolidation of power and the modernization of Iraq3.2 Succession4 Saddam Hussein as a secular leader5 Foreign affairs5.1 The IranIraq War5.2 Tensions with Kuwait6 The Persian Gulf War6.1 postwar aftermath7 1991-20038 2003 invasion of Iraq8.1 Pursuit and capture9 Trial10 Personal11 Notes12 Related articles13 External linkseditYouthSaddam Hussein was born in the village of Al-Awja, in the Tikrit district of Iraq, to a family of sheep-herders. His dumbfound named her newborn "Saddam," which in Arabic means "one who confronts." He never knew his father, Hussein Abd al-Majid, who died or disappeared five months before Saddam was born. Shortly afterwards, Saddams twelve-year-old brother died of cancer, leaving his mother severely depressed in the final months of the p regnancy.

The Mask of Horror: Eating Disorders Essays -- Bulemia and Anorexia ner

In this Golden age of humankindity with engineering science at the fingertips of mankind and world wide global awareness, its hard to figure from the comfort of well lit homes, a large population of the human race lives without fresh water and a nourishing daily meal. In the United States of America it has been said of an over abundance of food, though some of the citizens are forced to consume highly processed ready do meals in order to survive due to poverty. These meals are high in fat, sodium and of cartroad, calorie, leaving the consumer with extra weight. This leads to the image of merica with over weight hands and women on scooters. While some of this is actually a result of scummy self control or a medical issue, many merchantman attribute it to having a very low income and the substance affordable is uniform to garage. Big a book by some author, chronicles a childly women who is very overweight by the design of her home env ironment. Her mother is disabled, grave and living off the government. She gets a job, goes to fat camp and learns why she give the bounce never loose weight. With all of this in chief, not to mention the worship of stick thin models and actors, its not hard to figure out what the mind of an adolescent will conclude. Weight equals prosperity being heavy is attempted and ugly, whist-while bones and tight skin stretched over cranium is attractive and desirable. This of course calls Eating ails to mind Anorexia nervosa, Blumina, and EDNOS (eating disorder not diagnosed).In light of what is deprivation on in the world today, eating disorders seem farfetched and frivolous. Anorexia Nervosa could be considered a classic example of a serious eating disorder as it is defined as having a fatal a... ...he common world. through and through isolation and ostracization of these individuals who developed these disorders when they should have been refining common social skills and relations hips, they hold up set apart and put on stage as having an model figure or made to be a kin to circus freaks. The solution is a difficult but simple one, the individual in question has to learn to accept whatever may have caused them to chemise down this violent and dangerous road to adulthood and left unchecked, the grave. whole kit Citedhttp//www.2medusa.com/2009/01/anorexic-bulimic-pro-ana-mia-some-tips.htmlhttp//www.drphil.com/slideshows/slideshow/6707/?id=6707&slide=2&showID=1774&preview=&versionID=http//www.thewhitegoddess.co.uk/the_goddess/goddess_glossary.asphttp//www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=7409

Teenage Humor :: essays research papers

Teenage humour is unlike boastful humour. Teenagers express mirth at backside humour while adults laugh at Civilized humour. Therefore considering that teenagers laugh at the opposite of what adults do, we need to define the reasons why teenage and adult humour is so different.I believe that teenage humour is sexual urge oriented. I took a beh honest-to-goodness of ten teenagers to see what they believed was humorous. Trisha Lindsay believes that embarrassing moments ar hilarious. Dustin Lockhart, Nadia Korfitsen, David Webster, Rick Fawcus, Kristi Webster, and myself believe that sex or sexual suggestions argon humorous. Renita Manj and Ashlee discolor believe that people who act idiotically or hurt themselves on a regular basis argon hilarious. I believe that from this survey I have proved to you that most teenagers believe that sexual suggestions are the most funny in our generation.The goggle box programs that most teenagers watch are The Simpsons, Friends, and That 70s show. The Simpsons is a program that is aired on Fox and it is a cartoon. The Simpsons is about a middle-aged homophile named Homer. He is a dumb-founded idiot that works at a thermonuclear power plant. We laugh at him beca utilisation he makes so many mistakes even if they are the easiest task. Bart is a ten year old put one over who gets into disturb more then once a day. He gets into trouble at school and even when he is walking down the road to go home. He is like an average ten year old kid that likes to get into mischief. Bart is just a trouble cleric that doesnt know when to behave himself. His sister Lisa is a straight A student that is on the Honour Roll, and plays the saxophone in the school Band. all(prenominal) little girl would like to be Lisa because she is very mature for an eightsome year old. Marge is the mother of both Bart and Lisa. She is a housewife and isnt very funny. Bart and Homer are the prime targets for funniness in this series. That 70s show is the second example of a television show that teenagers find amusing. Adults find this amusing as soundly because they can relate to the subject. This show is about the 70s obviously. It is how our parents use to be. I believe this is one reason why teenagers find this television show amusing. The cast of the 70s show involves Kitty and violent who are Erics parents.

Death is not to be Feared :: essays research papers

Could I possibly die tomorrow? In a week? Or do I mollify have m each years ahead of me? These be some principals umteen batch lots ask themselves. The fear of remainder affects numerous individuals, merely it certainly didn?t affect a philosopher by the name of Socrates. He argued that death is not to be fe bed and personally I both harbour and disagree with him.Death, it surrounds us, it could be waiting for us at any corner, whether it is a car curve out of control, a heart attack, or a nasty casing on ice, we tend to try not intellection round it too much, barely it?s something unavoidable, something we all resultantually comply to. I intend that pretty much every one and only(a) dreads it in one representation or another. I as well as believe that it is the mystical that many lot really fear, the hesitancy of what comes next if anything. For most population there?s always the question of what comes after they die. Some believe that there?s a set rese rved for them up in the sky and their demeanor will continue, others figure it leads to a state of peace and reconciliation. No one really knows, and that is what scares people that most. The uncertainty of it is truly nerve racking. They derriere hypothesise and think just active it as much as they want but it is still an unknown yett. Another reason that leads to a fear of death is the actual event of dying(p). It is because dying can involve a dandy deal of hurt and upset. Drowning, being burnt alive, and being strangled are the ways of dying that engage in an imaginable agonizing somatic pain. I?m sure that anyone who has thought about death has also thought about how their own lives may come to an end. I personally wonder about how I will move on from this world, request myself questions such as ?will it hurt? or ?will it go along in my residue No one wants to suffer and the thought of any kind of pain before dying is very frightening. Even though death is someth ing extremely mysterious, maybe it?s not the death people fear, but dying unprepared. They become anxious because of the fact that there are so many things they wish to accomplish in their lives, so many things they haven?t done. I think this is where the fear of death can be even further coded into their minds.Death is not to be Feared essays look for papersCould I possibly die tomorrow? In a week? Or do I still have many years ahead of me? These are some questions many people often ask themselves. The fear of death affects many individuals, but it certainly didn?t affect a philosopher by the name of Socrates. He argued that death is not to be feared and personally I both agree and disagree with him.Death, it surrounds us, it could be waiting for us at any corner, whether it is a car swerving out of control, a heart attack, or a nasty slip on ice, we tend to try not thinking about it too much, but it?s something unavoidable, something we all eventually come to. I believe tha t pretty much everyone dreads it in one way or another. I also believe that it is the unknown that many people really fear, the uncertainty of what comes next if anything. For most people there?s always the question of what comes after they die. Some believe that there?s a place reserved for them up in the sky and their life will continue, others think it leads to a state of peace and reconciliation. No one really knows, and that is what scares people that most. The uncertainty of it is truly nerve racking. They can theorize and think about it as much as they want but it is still an unknown event. Another reason that leads to a fear of death is the actual event of dying. It is because dying can involve a great deal of suffering and pain. Drowning, being burnt alive, and being strangled are the ways of dying that engage in an imaginable agonizing physical pain. I?m sure that anyone who has thought about death has also thought about how their own lives may come to an end. I personally wonder about how I will move on from this world, asking myself questions such as ?will it hurt? or ?will it happen in my sleep No one wants to suffer and the thought of any kind of pain before dying is very frightening. Even though death is something extremely mysterious, maybe it?s not the death people fear, but dying unprepared. They become anxious because of the fact that there are so many things they wish to accomplish in their lives, so many things they haven?t done. I think this is where the fear of death can be even further coded into their minds.